VISIT: Meteorological Interpretation Blog

Yuma County, CO – Wildfires

Last week, a few fires erupted within Yuma County, located in northeastern Colorado. The fire hotspots were first captured by geostationary satellites at ~0500 UTC, 18 December 2025, after cloud cover moved out of the region. GOES-19 5-minute infrared imagery shows the hotspots in white and red pixels at 2-km spatial resolution. At ~0630 UTC, a strong cold front moves in from the north, bringing high, gusty winds that amplified the fire spread toward the south. As of 19 December 2025, the fires burned approximately 14,000 acres.

GOES-19 ABI 3.9 um from 3-12Z, 18 December 2025

Surface observations depict the strong, west-northwest winds (with 50+ mph wind gusts) moving quickly through northeastern Colorado and western Kansas, as the cold front lowered air temperatures into the low 30’s overnight.

Surface Observations from ~3-12Z, 18 December 2025

During the overnight hours, SNPP VIIRS observed two of the fires located in the southern portion of Yuma County. The VIIRS Nighttime Microphysics RGB, primarily used for fog and low cloud detection, can also be used for fire monitoring at night, as the green spectra of this RGB utilizes a brightness temperature difference that includes the 3.7 um. Within this RGB, the fire pixels are shown in dark pink pixels. Additionally, the new VIIRS NGFS Microphysics RGB, utilizes a combination of longwave and shortwave infrared channels to observe fires during the day or night. The NGFS Microphysics RGB depicts fires in pink pixels during the nighttime. Both RGBs have a 750-m spatial resolution.

JPSS VIIRS Nighttime Microphysics RGB and NGFS Microphysics RGB at 0830Z, 18 December 2025

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Tule Fog over the California Central Valley

Over the past three weeks, tule fog blanketed the California Central Valley, oscillating in size and extent across the region. The 400+ mile long, ~50+ mile wide valley, was inundated with fog that led to reduced ground visibilities for motorists and aviation, along with bringing cooler temperatures to the area. The VIIRS instrument from JPSS polar-orbiting satellites captured the fog and low stratus from late November to mid-December 2025. Daytime overpasses from the VIIRS GeoColor product, at 750-m spatial resolution, observed the fog embedded within the California Central Valley, that is situated between the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range (to the east) and the Coast Ranges (to the west).

VIIRS GeoColor from 22 November 2025 to 16 December 2025

During the full moon phase of the lunar cycle, nighttime visible imagery from the VIIRS Day/Night Band (DNB, left) shows the extensive fog across the Central Valley and near the San Francisco Bay area. VIIRS DNB also depicts an array of emitted city lights across California, where at this timestamp, several cities were impacted by the fog. East of the valley, moonlight also reflects off the existing snow cover along the Sierra Nevadas. Corresponding VIIRS Nighttime Microphysics RGB imagery (right) identifies the fog in yellow-gray colors, indicating that the liquid water droplets were observed in cooler temperatures. Both products exhibit a 750-m spatial resolution.

VIIRS DNB & VIIRS Nighttime Microphysics RGB at 0920Z, 10 December 2025

Additionally, a video can be viewed here that captures motorists driving into the Tule Fog in December 2025.

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Southern Argentinian Dust Storm

Earlier this week, a significant dust storm impacted the Chubut and Santa Cruz Provinces of southern Argentina. A strong low-pressure system, initially located in the South Pacific Ocean, traversed through the Andes Mountain Range and exited into the South Atlantic Ocean, which brought hurricane force winds that supported the development of the dust storm. Widespread dust was picked up from the interior of Argentina, then lofted eastward and dispersed over Golfo San Jorge and the South Atlantic Ocean. The upper-level water vapor animation from GOES-19 (shown below) shows the migration of the low pressure system (spinning cyclonically) over a two day period.

GOES-19 6.2 um from ~00Z, 17 November 2025 to ~00Z, 19 November 2025

During a similar time period, the dust can be spotted in bright magenta and pink colors within the GOES Dust RGB. The dust was initially located over the Argentinian interior, then advected eastward over the South Atlantic Ocean.

GOES-19 Dust RGB from ~10Z, 17 November 2025 to ~00Z, 19 November 2025

The aerosols were also captured by the GOES GeoColor product, depicted in light brown and tan colors, during the daytime hours of 17 November 2025.

GOES-19 GeoColor from ~10Z to 21Z, 17 November 2025

Four daytime overpasses from JPSS satellites also observed the dust plumes at high spatial resolution (750-m), provided by the VIIRS True Color RGB imagery. Refer to the imagery animation below.

JPSS VIIRS True Color RGB from 1734Z-1915Z, 17 November 2025

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The Northern Lights Seen Across CONUS

Last night, a severe geomagnetic storm produced an impressive aurora that could be seen across CONUS and observed as far south as Florida. The storm identified as a G4 level event described by the NOAA Space Weather Scale, which can disrupt technology on Earth, such as GPS/radio communications, electrical grids and cell towers.

The JPSS VIIRS Day/Night Band (DNB) captured this phenomena overnight, depicted by the elongated, irregular, white streaks in the imagery. Initially, the aurora was located near the U.S. / Canada border, then shifts further south towards the northern high plains. A VIIRS DNB imagery animation of the event is provided below. The product exhibits a 750 meter spatial resolution.

VIIRS DNB from 0510Z to 1010Z, 12 November 2025

Multiple NWS Weather Forecast Offices (WFOs) highlighted the anomalous event via social media. Pictures of the aurora are showcased below.

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Hurricane Melissa

A powerful Category 5 – Hurricane Melissa made landfall across western Jamaica on 28 October 2025. The hurricane brought strong winds (as high as 185 miles per hour), torrential rainfall and storm surge to the island, while inducing life threatening flooding, power outages, and damage to airports causing flight cancellations or delays. After the hurricane traversed over Jamaica, it re-entered into the Caribbean Sea, exhibiting a northeast storm track, and eventually impacted southeastern Cuba and the Bahamas within the next 48 hours. At peak intensity, the cyclone registered a central low pressure of 892 millibars, tied for the third strongest hurricane on record (by measure of pressure) in the Atlantic.

Nighttime visible imagery from the VIIRS Near-Constant Contrast (NCC) product captured the hurricane and its circular eye as it approached Jamaica during the early morning hours of 28 October 2025. Emitted lights produced from lightning (i.e., white pixels embedded within the clouds and convection) can be seen east of the eye, while emitted city lights over Jamaica are also observed in the imagery.

NOAA-20 VIIRS NCC at 0633Z, 28 October 2025

5-minute infrared data from GOES-19 observed the storm make landfall and then move across Jamaica. The hurricane’s eye initially stays intact before it eventually dissipates over the island’s higher terrain. Although not pictured here, the eye would re-form over the Caribbean Sea before the hurricane made landfall again, except this time over Cuba during the next day, 29 October 2025.

GOES-19 10.3 um IR from ~12Z, 28 October 2025 to ~22Z, 28 October 2025

Three overpasses from JPSS satellites (i.e., NOAA-20, NOAA-21 and SNPP) observed landfall of Hurricane Melissa while the eye subsides across Jamaica. The JPSS VIIRS infrared imagery exhibits a 375-m spatial resolution.

VIIRS I-5 Band (11.5 um) at 1748Z, 1838Z, and 1908Z, 28 October 2025

Along the southern side of Jamaica, VIIRS True Color RGB imagery depicts the new precipitation runoff and upwelling caused from the hurricane. Nighttime visible imagery also shows a before and after comparison of the power outages seen across the island. Refer the CIRA Twitter/X social media links below.

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